Let’s Talk About Trusts
If you watch late night American TV you may encounter a local lawyer claiming that you’re in dire need of something you hadn’t even considered – a trust.
A trust is usually touted as the best way to protect your assets, cash and investments from claims and lawsuits – and indeed, America is one of the most law-suit happy nations in the world.
Stripped to bare bones, a trust is a three-way legal device, a contract of sorts, that allows one person (the trustee) to take title and possession of cash or property to be held, used, and/or managed for the benefit of one or more other persons (the beneficiaries). The person who creates the trust (the grantor) decides what it will do and donates property to fund it. A trust is created by the writing and signing of a trust declaration, usually as part of an overall estate plan. Setting up a trust requires expert advice and a careful review of existing arrangements that affect the grantor’s estate.
One special kind of trust that I often recommend, the offshore asset protection trust (APT), can place your wealth well beyond the easy reach of claimants, creditors, an irate ex-spouse and even the government of your home country. More about that in a moment.
What a Trust Can Do
Most offshore asset protection trusts are discretionary trusts, a form that allows lots of planning flexibility. “
Discretionary may mean the trustee is given power to decide how much will be distributed to beneficiaries and, in some cases, who qualifies as a beneficiary. A trustee often is given the authority to recognize beneficiaries in a class of persons, (“my children and their heirs”), or the trust may contain what is known as a “power of appointment” allowing the trustee to choose beneficiaries from a class of eligible persons. A trust may be created for any purpose that’s not illegal or against public policy.
A trust can own title to, and invest in, real estate, cash, stocks, bonds, negotiable instruments, and personal property. Trusts can provide care for minor children or the elderly; or pay medical, educational, or other expenses. A trust can provide financial support in an emergency, give help for an older person’s retirement, pay for a young person’s education, administer financial plans during marriage or divorce, or even carry out premarital agreements.
Foreign Asset Protection Trust
One of the most popular asset-protection devices in trust form is the foreign asset protection trust (APT), a personal trust created and based in a foreign nation. This kind of APT shields your assets far better than any domestic trust, because it is located outside the United States or your home country. Distance makes the trust grow stronger. This trust shields business and personal assets against demanding creditors, litigation and other unpleasant financial liabilities in your home country.
The key to creating such a trust is simple: planning. The offshore APT must be planned and created long before you really need it, at a time of personal financial calm. As a last minute response to a sudden financial crisis, an APT will help very little. Belated attempts to create an offshore trust can lead to civil liability for concealing assets or fraud under the fraudulent conveyance laws. In litigation-crazed America, you shouldn’t wait for trouble before taking offshore precautionary measures. As a practical matter, placing title to property in the name of an offshore APT cannot really protect assets if they physically remain within an American court's jurisdiction.
Assets actually transferred to the APT's foreign jurisdiction, like funds moved to an offshore bank account, are usually safe from a U.S. creditor, even if he knows the account exists.
A few reasons why offshore APTs have proven to be so effective:
1) Start-Over: In many cases, the courts of foreign “asset haven” nations will not recognize the U.S. or other nations’ domestic court orders. A foreign judgment creditor seeking collection must re-litigate the original claim in the local asset haven's courts after hiring local lawyers. He may be required to post a bond and to pay legal expenses for all parties if he loses. The legal complexity and cost of such an international collection effort is likely to stop all but the most determined adversaries and promote quick settlement.
2) Minimal Requirements: An offshore APT does need not be complicated. Creation can be done with little more than the signing of formal documents and opening a trust account managed by your local trustee in a bank in the foreign country you choose. Respected offshore banks traditionally provide experienced trust officers to handle offshore trust matters. U.S. asset protection attorneys routinely work directly with
such offshore banks and trust companies. Most international banks have U.S. dollar denominated accounts, often with better interest rates than American banks offer.
3) Greater Protection: Under the laws of asset haven nations, assets placed in an offshore asset protection trust have far more protection than under domestic U.S. trust law. The law in such countries provides an asset protection “safe harbor” that is unavailable in the U.S. and many other nations. With an offshore APT, foreign-held trust assets are not subject to the jurisdiction of your local or home country judicial system.
4) Fast Acting: The statute of limitations imposed on initiating a foreign creditor’s suit varies. In many asset haven nations, the statute begins to run from the date the APT is established. Some haven nations, such as the Cook Islands, have a limit of one year for initiation of claims. Others impose a claims filing limit for certain creditors of two years after APT formation. As a practical matter, it may take a creditor longer than that just to discover the existence of a foreign APT to which your assets have long since been transferred.
5) Confidentiality: The offshore APT can provide greater privacy and confidentiality, minimization of domestic, home country inheritance taxes, and avoidance of the probate process in case of death. It provides increased flexibility in conducting affairs in case of personal disability, allows easy transfer of asset titles, and avoids domestic currency controls in your home nation.
6) Estate Planning: An offshore APT can serve the same traditional estate planning goals achieved by domestic strategies. These include using bypass trust provisions to minimize estate taxes for a husband and wife, trusts that allow maximum use of gift tax exemptions through planned giving, and trusts that provide for maintenance and tax free income for a surviving spouse. An APT also avoids the problems, delays, and costs of the domestic probate process in the U.S. and other nations.
7) Profitable Investments: An offshore APT is an excellent platform from which to diversify investments and benefit from global tax savings. The APT permits access to some of the world's best investment opportunities, without concern for your home nation’s legal restrictions. Offshore foreign stock, bond, and mutual fund trading are not covered by laws such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Act or its administrative arm, the SEC. An offshore APT can also purchase attractive life insurance and annuity products not available in the U.S. and other nations.
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